Phrase Structure Grammar Definition and Explanation

Phrase structure grammar is a type of generative grammar in which constituent structures are represented by phrase structure rules or rewrite rules. Some of the different versions of phrase structure grammar (including head-driven phrase structure grammar) are considered in examples and observations below. A phrase structure (or constituent) functions as the base component in the classic form of transformational grammar introduced by Noam Chomsky in the late 1950s. Since the mid-1980s, however, lexical-function grammar (LFG), categorial grammar (CG), and head-driven phrase structure grammar (HPSG) have developed into well-worked-out alternatives to transformational grammar Examples and Observations The underlying structure of a sentence or a phrase is sometimes called its phrase structure or phrase marker. . . . Phrase-structure rules provide us with the underlying syntactic structure of sentences we both produce and comprehend. . . .There are different types of phrase-structure grammar. Context-free grammars contain only rules that are not specified for particular contexts, whereas context-sensitive grammars can have rules that can only be applied in certain circumstances. In a context-free rule, the left-hand symbol can always be rewritten by the right-hand one regardless of the context in which it occurs. For example, the writing of a verb in its singular or plural form depends on the context of the preceding noun phrase. Rewrite Rules The idea of a PSG [phrase structure grammar] is simple. We first note what syntactic categories appear to exist in a given language, and what different internal structures each of these can have. Then, for each such structure, we write a rule that displays that structure. So, for example, an English sentence  typically consists of a noun phrase followed by a verb phrase (as in My sister bought a car), and we, therefore, write a phrase-structure rule as follows: S→NP VP This says that a sentence may consist of a noun phrase followed by a verb phrase. . . . We continue in this way until we have a rule for every structure in the language.Now the set of rules can be used to generate sentences. Starting with S (for sentence), we apply some suitable rule to tell us what units the sentence consists of, and then to each of those units we apply a further rule to tell us what units it consists of, and so on. A phrase structure grammar consists of a set of ordered rules known as rewrite rules, which are applied stepwise. A rewrite rule has a single symbol on the left and one or more symbols on the right: A→BCC→D More than one symbol on the right constitutes a string. The arrow is read as is rewritten as, has as its constituents, consists of, or is expanded as. The plus sign is read as followed by, but it is often omitted. The rule may also be depicted in the form of a tree diagram...The phrase structure rules also allow for choices. The optional choices are indicated with parentheses: A→(B)C This rule reads that A is expanded as optionally B and obligatorily C. In every rewrite rule, at least one element must be obligatory. There may also be mutually exclusive choices of elements in a string; these are indicated with curly braces:   A→{B,C} This rule states that if you choose B, you cant choose C, but you must choose one—either B or C, but not both. Whether the mutually exclusive items are written on one line separated by commas or on separate lines does not matter, as long as they occur within braces. Head-Driven Phrase Structure Grammar (HPSG) Head-driven phrase structure grammar (HPSG) has evolved as a synthesis of ideas from a number of theoretical sources, including generalized phrase structure grammar (GPSG), categorial grammar, and formal theories of data structure representation . . .. HPSG uses a fundamental theoretical strategy made familiar by GPSG: the enumeration of a class of objects, corresponding to expressions of some natural language, and a set of constraints whose interaction enforces the appropriate covariation of formal properties reflecting the dependencies that any grammar of that language must capture.A head-driven phrase structure grammar of some language defines the set of signs (form/meaning/correspondences) which that language comprises. The formal entities that model signs in HPSG are complex objects called feature structures, whose form is limited by a set of constraints--some universal and some language parochial. The interaction of these constraints defines the grammatical structure of each su ch sign and the morphosyntactic dependencies which hold between its subcomponents. Given a specific set of such constraints, and a lexicon providing at least one feature structure description for each word in the language, an infinite number of signs is recursively characterized. Sources Borsley and Bà ¶rjars,  Non-Transformational Syntax, 2011.Laurel J. Brinton, The Structure of Modern English: A Linguistic Introduction. John Benjamins, 2000R.L. Trask, Language, and Linguistics: The Key Concepts, 2nd ed., edited by Peter Stockwell. Routledge, 2007Trevor A. Harley,  The Psychology of Language: From Data to Theory, 4th edition. Psychology Press, 2014Georgia M. Green and Robert D. Levine, Introduction to  Studies in Contemporary Phrase Structure Grammar. Cambridge University Press, 1999

Dna And The Human Body - 1772 Words

Each cell in the human body has the same exact genetic material, with a few exceptions, and yet each cell does something different than all the other cells. Contained within the nucleus, the entire genome can be found, and within the genome, there is all the information needed to construct a specific organism. The genome is composed of deoxyribose nucleic acids, also called DNA, which breaks down into smaller units called genes. A gene has a specific sequence of adenine, thymine, cytosine, and guanine molecules that will code for a specific polypeptide. Polypeptides can then go on to become proteins for the cell to use. The genome is the same in every cell, but with about 200 different cell types, there must be something telling the†¦show more content†¦Such things (include?)like the histone modification or methylation of DNA. Some sources debate that ‘epigenetics’ refers to all environmental factors which cause the alterations to occur. Things like the s moke from cigarettes, the food that you eat, the environment inside the placenta, you amount of sleep you get, and your exercising habits[3]. As epigenetics becomes more prominent in science, the debate evolves and the definition changes. Scientists are considering the effects of these epigenetic modifications as well as what creates the modifications. Several mechanisms cause these alterations to gene expression. The most commonly considered factors are DNA methylation, histone modification, and the effects of non-coding RNA. With DNA methylation, methyl groups (CH3) are added directly to the DNA. These methyl groups attach to the fifth carbon of the cytosine nitrogenous base by a protein called DNA-methyltransferase. The most common location for these methylations is at CpG sites, which are locations with a high amount of cytosine-guanine base pairs. The methylated cytosine is called a 5-methylcytosine (5-mc)[4]. The bound methyl group protrudes into the major grove of th e DNA double helix and does not allow for any proteins to bind. DNA can either be hypermethylated, with a high number of methyl groups attached, or hypomethylated, with a low number of methyl groups attached. Hypermethylation typically causes genes toShow MoreRelatedDna And The Human Body1485 Words   |  6 Pages Inside the human body there lies something very unique to us that we call the DNA. It is predicted that there are over 3 billion base-pairs of DNA inside the average human. DNA itself is huge so let’s cover the basics you need to know about it. The DNA includes, RNA, Double-Helix, Base-pairing and an alternate DNA structure. It may seem amazing but beware your DNA can be damaged and or Replicated. In crime DNA comes very handy because detectives use forensics. Every living thing on the planetRead MoreGene Therapy Essay779 Words   |  4 Pagesremoved functioning ADA gene into the viral DNA so that recombinant circular DNA (cDNA) can be created. Viral DNA is obtained from a virus, such as an adenovirus (often used for gene therapy treatments) which has been ‘purified’ so that it does not cause harm (infect host with the virus) to the human body when introduced. The ADA gene is then spliced into the open vector (viral cDNA), using the enzyme ligase which glues the ADA gene into the viral DNA by bonding the sugar phosphate groups togetherRead MoreThe Role Of Proteins Of A Cell Range From Structural, Enzymatic And Hormonal Functions1345 Words   |  6 Pages The DNA encodes specific characteristics of an organism which breaks down into genes. The genes goes through a transcription process. 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Impact of Relationship Marketing Strategy - MyAssignmenthelp.com

Question: Discuss about the Impact of Relationship Marketing Strategy. Answer: Introduction In todays business world, Relationship Marketing (RM) plays an integral part for the success of the companies (Hollensen 2015). RM can be considered as a part of customer relationship management that put focus on the aspects like customer loyalty and long-term engagement with the customers. Thus, it can be said that RM is a tool for creating and maintaining long-term relationships with the customers that is helpful in generating greater amount of revenue for the companies. Long-term relationships with the customers help the marketing managers in the development of effective marketing strategies so that the performance of the companies can be improved (Christopher, Payne and Ballantyne 2013). Objectives of the Project The objectives of this research paper are shown below: The main objective of this research paper is to analyze and evaluate the impact of RM on the performance of the companies. With the help of this research paper, one will be able to get insight about how RM deals with the establishment of customer relationship and their advancements. The next objective of this research paper is to analyze the role of RM in getting competitive advantage for the companies. Another major objective of this research paper is to analyze the impact of RM on different associations of the companies. The last objective of this research paper is to analyze the advantages of RM for the customers and associates. Scope of the Project It needs to be mentioned that this research project has many scope. With the implementation of the strategies of relationship marketing, business organizations become able to strike a balance among the new business opportunities, making new customer base along with retaining the existing customers so that the profitability of the companies can be maximized. In addition, business organizations will be able to identify the loopholes in their marketing strategies with the help of this. Thus, it can be seen that the companies will be largely beneficial from the implementation of RM in their marketing strategies (Peck et al. 2013). Literature Review Relationship Marketing (RM) is not a new idea in the field of marketing as the use of it can be seen over the last twenty years. RM has an important influence on the marketing aspects of the companies along with the administrative mechanism. It can be seen that many business organizations have been able to improve their performance by impeding the strategies of RM (Halinen 2012). For this reason, in this era of business, one cannot simply ignore the importance of RM for improving the performance of the companies. In the techniques of RM, one can observe that there are four major values. First, RM does not put focus on any specific aspect of marketing as it covers all the marketing aspects of the entire organization. Secondly, the implementation of RM makes the companies able to share business value with all of their major stakeholders like customers, associates and others. Third, the implementation of RM helps in adding intelligence in the process of marketing so that the clients can be largely beneficial. Fourth, the clients are required to be considered as the main aspect for creating value in the organizations (Buhler and Nufer 2012). In the process of relationship marketing, various components can be seen. The first component is Trust. The existence of truest can be seen when the teams of the companies believe in their qualities that they have the ability to achieve the objectives and goals of the companies. The next component is Responsibility as it is regarded as an essential part for RM. It is considered as the desire of the employees of the companies to keep up the value of relationship (Brettel, Strese and Flatten 2012). For this reason, responsibility is considered as a major variable for the success of the companies. Another major component of RM is Communication. With the help of effective communication strategies, business organizations become able to make the marketing objective and goals known to the employees. Bonding is another major component of RM that refers to an important measurement of business relationships that connects two or more than two groups of employees (Lusch and Vargo 2014). The last characteristic is Satisfaction. It refers to the marketing dimensions by the3 customers or the clients express their positive feeling towards the product or services of the companies. Satisfaction is considered as an essential variable for measuring the success of RM in the companies. It can be seen that the organizational managers develop different kinds of strategies as a part of RM to boost the performance of the organizations. Development of dependability along with the club promoting programs are considered as major strategy for RM. Some of the loyalty programs help the organizational managers in keeling the long-term relationships with the clients (Murdy and Pike 2012). It is the requirement of the business organizations to develop separate approaches to make an impact on the customers for retaining positive relationship with them. For this reason, the introduction of loyalty cars can make positive impact on the clients to purchase the products and services of the company. It needs to be mentioned that the presence of strong and positive relationship with the customers can increase the quality of marketing strategy of the companies. A renowned brand always tries to make it easier for their customers to discover their products and services and the customers w ill buy the products that will be noteworthy for them. In this particular manner, business organizations become able to make strong relationship with their new as well as existing customers (Armstrong et al. 2015). Thus, with the help of RM, the marketing managers of the companies try to show the solid brand characteristics of their products and services with the help of various effective strategies. It needs to be mentioned that the strategies of RM have a large role to play in providing necessary competitive advantage to the organizations. RM helps the companies in providing great quality of products and services along with great loyalty to the customers. Great quality makes inner connection between the organizations and customers. On the other hand, great loyalty makes the organizations in better serving their customers (Jumaev and Hanaysha 2012). In the combination of great quality of the products and great satisfaction of the customers, business organizations become able to increase the profitability of them. In order to stay in the market competition, it is required for the business organizations to maximize their revenue and profitability along with customers satisfaction. Thus, in the presence of RM, companies can stay into the market competition in an effective manner. Apart from this, RM plays an integral part in gaining the satisfaction of the customers as it is consid ered as a long term approach for maintaining effective relation with the customers (Al-Alak 2014). The satisfaction of the customers can be obtained by providing them quality products and services; and for this reason, the satisfaction of the clients is regarded as the last parameter of the success of marketing. RM also plays an integral part in earning the brand reputation of the business organizations and it is considered as a critical part for gaining profit of the companies. The reputation of the brands can be increased by providing the customers with high quality of products and services. Most importantly, it is essential for the business organizations to maintain a long-term positive relation with the customers for increasing the reputation of their brands (Chen and Chen 2014). Thus, from the above discussion, it can be seen that the implementation of RM in the organizations makes the organizational managers able in providing quality products to the customers and to maintain a long-term positive relationship with the new as well as existing customers. Thus, large number of customer base helps the business organizations in fetching high amount of profit as it helps in the increase of profitability. In addition, it also helps in minting the reputation of the brands that leads to the high performance of the companies (Amine, Chakor and Alaoui 2012). Research Questions Primary Question What are the major impacts of Relationship Marketing on the performance of the business organizations? Secondary Questions In what ways relationship marketing helps the business organizations in getting necessary competitive advantages? What are the major impacts of relationship marketing on the performance of various business associates? What advantages does relationship marketing provide to the business organizations in acquiring new clients along with retaining the existing clients? Research Design and Methodology As a part of research methodology, it needs to be mentioned that the researcher will adopt the strategies of both quantitative as well as qualitative research method for this research project in order to collect primary data. Details are discussed below: Quantitative Research Method Quantitative research refers to a systematic approach for investigation of observable phenomena with the help of statistical, mathematical or computational techniques (Neuman 2013). As a part of quantitative research process, the researcher will collect data with the help of a survey questionnaire. The questionnaire will contain various question related to RM and they will be sent to the respondents via email. Qualitative Research Method Qualitative research refers to the systematic method to enquire many different academic disciplines (Maxwell 2012). As a part of qualitative research process, the researcher will collect primary data from conducting in views to the marketing managers of the selected companies. Sample Size and Sampling In case of the survey questionnaire, the researcher will select 50 employees from some of the selected Australian companies. It needs to be mentioned that the employees will be from the marketing department of the companies so that they can provide the correct answers of the questions. In case of personal interviews, they will be conducted with 10 marketing managers of the selected organizations (Oriani et al. 2014). Data Analysis After the collection of primary data from both the survey questionnaire and interviews, they will be analyzed with the assistance of various statistical tools in order to get the desired answers. For this research project, the researcher will use Microsoft Excel for analyzing the data (Thomson and Emery 2014). Reliability and Validity of Data In order to maintain the reliability and validity of data, the researcher will collect them from authentic sources and human responses. For reliability, the researcher will use appropriate statistical tool for the interpretation of data in order to get the correct answers of the research questions. Research Limitations It needs to be mentioned that there are certain limitation of the research process. Genuineness of collected primary information via survey questionnaire is a major limitation of the research. The survey will be conducted on the employees of marketing department. Thus, there is not any way to verify the truthfulness of collected data from them. For this reason, the researcher will not be able to get the clear image of the problem and thus, he/she will be facing difficulties in making appropriate recommendations. Thus, this particular aspect will affect the quality of research. Time Schedule Figure 1: Gantt chart (Source: ) Conclusion From the above discussion, it can be seen that the main aim of this report is to analyze and evaluate the impact of relationship marketing on the firms performance and customer retention. The above discussion shows that there are four major components of RM in the business organizations; they bare trust, communication, satisfaction, responsibility and bonding. According to the above discussion, the implementation of RM in the organizations increases the value of the brands and helps the organizations in getting necessary competitive advantage. From the above discussion, it can be seen that the researcher will use the strategy of both qualitative and quantitative research program for this research project. As a part of qualitative method, the researcher will conduct an interviews with the marketing managers of selected companies; and for the part of the quantitative research, the researcher will conduct a survey with the help of questionnaire among the employees of the selected compan ies. References Al-Alak, B.A., 2014. Impact of marketing activities on relationship quality in the Malaysian banking sector.Journal of Retailing and Consumer Services,21(3), pp.347-356. Amine, M.E.A., Chakor, A. and Alaoui, A.M., 2012. Ethics, relationship marketing and corporate performance: Theoretical analysis through the mediating variables.International Business Research,5(8), p.68. Armstrong, G., Kotler, P., Harker, M. and Brennan, R., 2015.Marketing: an introduction. Pearson Education. Brettel, M., Strese, S. and Flatten, T.C., 2012. Improving the performance of business models with relationship marketing effortsAn entrepreneurial perspective.European ManagementJournal,30(2), pp.85-98. Buhler, A. and Nufer, G., 2012.Relationship marketing in sports. Routledge. Chen, W.J. and Chen, M.L., 2014. Factors affecting the hotel's service quality: relationship marketing and corporate image.Journal of hospitality marketing management,23(1), pp.77-96. Christopher, M., Payne, A. and Ballantyne, D., 2013.Relationship marketing. Taylor Francis. Halinen, A., 2012.Relationship marketing in professional services: a study of agency-client dynamics in the advertising sector. Routledge. Hollensen, S., 2015.Marketing management: A relationship approach. Pearson Education. Jumaev, M. and Hanaysha, J.R., 2012. Impact of relationship marketing on customer loyalty in the banking sector.Far East Journal of Psychology and Business,6(4), pp.36-55. Lusch, R.F. and Vargo, S.L., 2014.The service-dominant logic of marketing: Dialog, debate, and directions. Routledge. Maxwell, J.A., 2012.Qualitative research design: An interactive approach(Vol. 41). Sage publications. Murdy, S. and Pike, S., 2012. Perceptions of visitor relationship marketing opportunities by destination marketers: An importance-performance analysis.Tourism Management,33(5), pp.1281-1285. Neuman, W.L., 2013.Social research methods: Qualitative and quantitative approaches. Pearson education. Oriani, F., Straubhaar, J., Renard, P. and Mariethoz, G., 2014. Simulation of rainfall time series from different climatic regions using the direct sampling technique.Hydrology and Earth System Sciences,18(8), pp.3015-3031. Peck, H., Christopher, M., Clark, M. and Payne, A., 2013.Relationship marketing. Taylor Francis. Thomson, R.E. and Emery, W.J., 2014.Data analysis methods in physical oceanography. Newnes.

The First Thing I Noticed Was the Smell free essay sample

The first thing I noticed was the smell. The scent of seemingly toxic chemicals mixed with decaying flesh was strong enough to knock you back if it hit you unexpectedly. I had already put on the slightly dirty scrubs one of the first year medical students kindly offered me, and so walking into the smelly Gross Anatomy Lab I looked as if I belonged, despite the quickened pace of my heart and the moisture that was forming on my palms. The sight, the second thing I noticed, was of seventy-five long metal tables arranged in neat rows, and bulky shapes covered by thick plastic resting on top of fifty of them. Here was a place that most people would find appalling, but in the light of opportunity and interest, I found appealing. The mushy pink stuff looked like something you would find after smashing a rotten pumpkin. However, this was no vegetable – it was actual human fat, which I was removing with a scalpel from an obese cadaver that was laid out on the table in front of me. We will write a custom essay sample on The First Thing I Noticed Was the Smell or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page The look of the partially cut-up deceased woman, with her head split open from a previous day’s work, was enough to make most people clutch their stomachs and dash to the bathroom, but I proudly kept my lunch down while I worked away. Cracking jokes as well as several ribs, I noticed that the fluttering of my heart had given way to its normal, steady beat, and my hands, inside white latex gloves, were dry. I moved quickly around the table, handing off scalpels and saws, and reached into the chest cavity to pull out large pink lungs that felt squishy from the presence of air still inside them. As everyone concentrated on his or her specific task, the chatter died down and my mind began to wander. Suddenly, twenty years had passed and I was standing in an operating room, a bright light above me focused on an open chest below. â€Å"Scalpel, please,† I asked of the nurse beside me. She handed it over, and I bent over the man laid out on the table. Within a few minutes, the operation was done and I quickly stitched up the long cut I had made in the chest. As I walked out the door and entered the hallway, a young intern ran after me. â€Å"Dr. Malik, I have a question for you.† I glanced at him. â€Å"Go ahead.† â€Å"When’d you decide to go into cardiology?† I cracked a small, reminiscent smile. â€Å"Honestly, I never thought this is where I’d end up. But ever since high school, I’ve been interested in the heart.† â€Å"Yeah, why’s that?† â€Å"I shadowed a first year medical student on a lab day, and helped cut open the chest and uncover the heart.† â€Å"I loved that part of the dissection,† he said, smiling eagerly. I laughed. â€Å"Well, then, who knows? Maybe one day you’ll become a cardiologist, too. Keep your options open though – you might discover that podiatry is your true passion.† He grinned, turning to go, and I chuckled as I disappeared into the lounge. A low hum brought me back. We had finally uncovered the heart and rid it of the patches of fat that clung to it, and along with everyone else in the room, I was amazed at the gigantic size of it. The group of students I was working with peered at it through squinted eyes, angling their heads to get a better view. The girl I was standing next to turned towards me, asking, â€Å"Know what she died of?† I didn’t pause. â€Å"Cardiomegaly?† She smiled, and I grinned back.